hip joint anatomy
아래의 그림에서 hip joint를 이루는 femoral head, acetabulum 등의 해부학적 위치와 모양을 확인할 수 있음

joint forces
- Normal hip은 lever-arm 구조로 이해할 수 있음
- Hip center는 두 반대되는 힘의 fulcrum (받침점)으로서의 역할


- 이러한 구조로 인해 body weight (체중)이 클수록 hip joint에 걸리는 힘에 불균형이 발생
- obesity (비만)과 hip arthritis (고관절 관절염)의 이론적 상관관계
- 사람이 어떤 활동을 할 때, joint reactive force의 값은 달라짐
- 예를 들어 체중을 기준으로 걷기는 2.5배, 조깅은 6배, 달리기는 8배의 힘이 가해짐
- clinical hip degeneration의 상황들은 아래와 같음
- the (femur) head begins to collapse, the (femur) neck shortens
: femur head부분의 bone에 문제 발생 - the abductor mechanism loses tension causing weakness and pain
: abductor muscle 부분에 문제 발생
joint forces와 implant
- first modern hip reconstruction는 Dr. Charnley에 의해 수행됨
- deepening the acetabulum (shortens Lever arm #1)
- performing a troch-slide osteotomy (lengthen Lever arm #2)
- hip reconstruction은 restoring the anatomical geometry에 초점을 맞춘 방법이며 아래의 두 가지를 고려함
- the hip placing the acetabular component (비구면) in a low and medial position to restore the center of rotation
: 비구면 부분을 낮은 내측 위치에 배치하여 회전 중심의 복원 - selecting a femoral stem that will restore offset (maximizing tension of the abductors) and leg length
: tension of the abductors의 장력을 최대화하면서 다리의 길이를 보전하는 femoral stem을 선택


Pelvic tilt
- Acetabular orientation은 고정되어 있지 않음
- dynamic relationship between the pelvis (골반) and the lumbosacral spine (요추)
: sagittal balance를 위해 앉거나 일어설 때 예측 가능한 방식으로 움직임

- pelvic tilt and sacral slope are dynamic pelvic parameters (change with body position)
: 자세에 따라 변하는 pelvic tilt and sacral slope - 자세에 상관없이 pelvic tilt + sacral slope = Pelvic Incidence ... static!
- Pelvic Incidence = a fixed number in adults
: 전반적인 body balance를 나타냄

- 자세에 상관없이 pelvic tilt + sacral slope = Pelvic Incidence
- different positions (sitting, standing, lying down)
: 우리의 몸은 Pelvic Incidence를 유지하기 위해 pelvic tilt and sacral slop를 지속적으로 변경

- 서있는 경우(standing) : pelvic tilt 이 작고 sacral slope 가 큼
- 앉아있는 경우(sitting) : pelvic tilt 이 크고 sacral slope 가 작음

- pelvic tilt의 증가는 Acetabular Anteversion를 증가시킴
: at a rate of 1.0° pelvic tilt to 0.7° of anteversion - Acetabular Anteversion의 증가는 anterior impingement을 막을 수 있음
: femoral head to lever out posteriorly


- SS and PT는 같은 양만큼 변화하여 PI를 유지함 (pelvic tilt = PT; sacral slope = SS; Pelvic Incidence = PI)
- THA 이후 앉을 때 anterior impingement로 인한 posterior dislocation이 일어나지 않게 하는 것이 중요함
: lumbo-pelvic segment가 필요 - 동시에 Lumbar Fusion은 피해야 함
: reduces lumbo-pelvic motion and risks THA dislocation

- the measurements to describe the orientation of pelvic으로는 PI, SS, PT가 있으며 아래와 같이 설명할 수 있음
- Pelvic incidence (PI)
: the main axis of sagittal balance of the spine (ranges 48° - 53° ) - Sacral slope (SS)
: the angle of the sacrum
: Angle between Line 1 (line parallel to sacral promontory) and Line 2 (a horizontal reference line) - Pelvic Tilt (PT)
: the angle of the pelvis
: Angle between Line 1 (center of Sacral promontory to Hip center) and Line 2 (a vertical reference line)
: With normal sagittal balance (PI), the PT should be < 22°
Reference
- Lembeck, B., et al., Pelvic tilt makes acetabular cup navigation inaccurate. Acta Orthop, 2005. 76(4): p. 517-23.
- https://hipandkneebook.com/tha-chapters/2017/3/1/basic-hip-n
- https://www.jointteam.com/total-hip-joint-replacement
- https://boneandspine.com/hip-biomechanics/
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acetabular_anteversion_of_hip_prosthesis.jpg
- https://www.fyzical.com/columbia-sc/Injuries-Conditions/Hip/Hip-Issues/Femoroacetabular-Impingement-of-the-Hip/a~6416/article.html
- https://mskneurology.com/really-assess-lumbar-lordosis-dispelling-fallacy-anterior-pelvic-tilt/
- https://www.peterfrelinghuysenmd.com/posterior-lumbar-fusion-orthopedic-spine-surgeon-new-york.html
- https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/joints/hip-joint/
Posterior Lumbar Fusion New York | Degenerated Discs Staten Island, New York
Posterior Lumbar Fusion Spinal fusion, also called arthrodesis, is a surgical technique used to join two or more vertebrae (bones) within the spine. Lumbar fusion technique is the procedure of fusing the vertebrae in lumbar portion of the spine (lower back
www.peterfrelinghuysenmd.com
How to really assess lumbar lordosis - Dispelling the myth of anterior pelvic tilt
Anterior pelvic tilt, a myth and a fallacy. Every anatomy book states that the lumbar spine should be neutrally arched, so why are clinicians claiming tha..
mskneurology.com
Femoroacetabular Impingement of the Hip
Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) occurs in the hip joint. Impingement refers to some portion of the soft tissue around the hip socket getting pinched or compressed. Femoroacetabular tells us the impingement is occurring where the femur (thigh bone) meets
www.fyzical.com
File:Acetabular anteversion of hip prosthesis.jpg - Wikimedia Commons
commons.wikimedia.org
Total Hip Joint Replacement Surgery - Fort Myers Hip Doctors
Visit the Institute for Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine to learn about total hip joint replacement including causes of joint pain, surgery process, recovery & more.
www.jointteam.com
BIOMECHANICS — Hip & Knee Book
Lever Arm Diagram of hip and its clinical correlates.
hipandkneebook.com
Hip Biomechanics and Its Clinical Uses | Bone and Spine
Hip biomechanics are quite complex due to pelvic motion associated with it and range of movements it produces.
boneandspine.com
The Hip Joint - Articulations - Movements - TeachMeAnatomy
The medical information on this site is provided as an information resource only, and is not to beused or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. This information is intended for medical education, and does not create any doctor-patient relati
teachmeanatomy.info
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